Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It is the leading cause of death globally, responsible for over 17 million deaths per year. The most common types of cardiovascular disease are:
Coronary artery disease: Damage and narrowing of the coronary arteries due to buildup of plaque. This can lead to a heart attack.
Cerebrovascular disease: Disease of blood vessels supplying the brain. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted.
Peripheral arterial disease: Narrowing of arteries carrying blood to the legs and arms. This causes pain with walking.
Rheumatic heart disease: Damage to heart valves caused by rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease.
Congenital heart disease: Malformations in heart structure from birth.
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Blood clots blocking veins in the legs or lungs.
Atherosclerosis is the underlying process behind many cardiovascular diseases. It involves fatty deposits and scar tissue building up inside artery walls. This narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include smoking, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, and family history.
Preventing cardiovascular disease focuses on addressing modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications if needed. This includes: