Mood disorder

What is a mood disorder?

A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects a person's persistent emotional state. Mood disorders can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. The two main categories are depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.

Depressive Disorders

Depressive disorders involve feelings of intense sadness, hopelessnesss, irritability, and disinterest in once-enjoyable activities. Different types include:

• Major depressive disorder: Severe, persistent depression lasting at least 2 weeks. Common symptoms are fatigue, insomnia, and suicidal thoughts.


• Persistent depressive disorder: Chronic low-grade depression lasting at least 2 years.


• Seasonal affective disorder: Depression triggered by seasonal changes, typically winter and less daylight.

Bipolar Disorders

Bipolar disorders involve alternating between elevated, energized moods and depression. Types include:

• Bipolar I: Manic episodes alternating with depressive episodes


• Bipolar II: Hypomanic (less severe mania) and depressive episodes


• Cyclothymic disorder: Chronic, fluctuating hypomanic and depressive symptoms that don't meet full criteria for hypomania or depression

Mood episodes can vary greatly in frequency, intensity, and duration across the bipolar spectrum.

Causes

While the exact causes are unknown, research suggests mood disorders likely stem from a complex interaction between genetic, biological, emotional, and environmental factors.

Brain chemistry differences, hormone changes, heredity, grief/loss, chronic illness, substance abuse, and certain medications may play a role. Stress often exacerbates symptoms.

Treatments

Mood disorders require comprehensive treatment plans tailored to each person's symptoms and situation. Common components include:

• Medications, like antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics


• Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy


• Lifestyle changes to reduce stress, improve sleep, exercise more


• Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder


• Alternative treatments like acupuncture, meditation, or nutritional supplements